Agencia investigativa y reflexividad crítica: una revisión de las prácticas de posicionalidad en investigación cualitativa

Igor Valderrama Maguiña; Manuel Etesse

doi:10.30920/letras.97.146.14

Autores/as

Igor Valderrama Maguiña Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0016-1934 (no autenticado)
Manuel Etesse Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-5405 (no autenticado)

Resumen

La noción de posicionalidad representa uno de los giros epistemológicos clave en las Ciencias Sociales desde los años setenta, al problematizar las condiciones sociales, históricas y biográficas que median las relaciones entre los investigadores y participantes frente a la neutralidad epistemológica positivista y funcionalista. Su uso ha experimentado una expansión significativa, lo que exige un análisis sistemático de la producción existente. Este estudio examina cómo se conceptualiza y aplica la posicionalidad en investigaciones cualitativas recientes (2018-2023) con el objetivo de identificar contextos de producción y ejes analíticos que orientan su uso. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con los lineamientos PRISMA, combinada con una metasíntesis cualitativa. Se seleccionaron 62 artículos de Scopus y Web of Science que reflexionan sobre la posicionalidad desde prácticas concretas de investigación. El análisis reveló el predominio de estudios desde el Norte Global (Reino Unido 27,4 %, Canadá 12,9 %), con un enfoque interdisciplinario (30,6 %) y una vinculación con la formación doctoral. Se identificaron dos ejes analíticos principales: la dinámica Insider-Outsider, que ha evolucionado hacia enfoques reflexivos y hermenéuticos según los cuales la posición del investigador se entiende como fluida y contextualizada; y la perspectiva interseccional, que analiza cómo las identidades sociales entrelazan dinámicas de poder. Los hallazgos evidencian una tensión fundamental entre la conceptualización del poder como fluido y negociable en interacciones microsociales versus la influencia de estructuras sistémicas que enmarcan estos encuentros. La centralidad de la identidad en las reflexiones sobre posicionalidad, aunque valiosa para analizar microagencias, puede velar la incidencia de jerarquías institucionales y dependencias de financiamiento que configuran la agencia del investigador. La revisión expone la necesidad de profundizar la reflexión crítica sobre las condiciones estructurales que posibilitan o limitan la agencia investigativa, incluyendo el capitalismo académico y las geopolíticas del conocimiento.

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Biografía del autor/a

Igor Valderrama Maguiña, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Igor Valderrama Maguiña es filósofo, candidato a doctor en Ciencias de la Educación. Docente e investigador en temas vinculados con la educación desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar y con el análisis crítico de la epistemología de las ciencias sociales. Su particular interés por la investigación como práctica es comprender las condiciones para la producción de conocimiento como expresión de procesos sociales más amplios, donde la agencia y la estructura se articulan y entran en tensión. Para ello, dialoga con la teoría social y el realismo crítico de Margaret Archer y el análisis crítico cultural de Fredric Jameson. Entiende la reflexividad en la investigación como una actividad epistemológica, ética y política.
Manuel Etesse, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Manuel Etesse es doctor en Sociología, docente e investigador en métodos avanzados de investigación social, educación, sociedad y tecnologías. Se posiciona desde la sociología de la educación, con formación en la tradición analítica sistemática francesa y trayectoria investigativa tanto en instituciones del Norte y el Sur Global. Su aproximación al tema parte del análisis de las condiciones estructurales, institucionales y normativas que regulan el conocimiento en los campos científico y educativo, con influencias de Robert K. Merton y Pierre Bourdieu.

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